TRACER DATA SETS
I have listed all the data sets that I have and intend to eventually post availability to by way of the web site. Links will be shown for those data sets that I currently have available.
Dispersion from a near-surface release (rural):
1. Round Hill (1954/55 and 1957, SO2), (Cramer, Record and Vaughen, 1958)
Ten minute samples of sulfur dioxide along three arcs (50, 100, and 200 m) downwind of a point source release. The release height for the 29 experiments in 1954/55 was 30 cm and for the 10 experiments in 1957 was 50 cm. Receptor height was 2 m. Site roughness was greater than 10 cm. 10-minute samples were taken on three arcs (50, 100, and 200 m). A unique feature of the 1957 experiments was that sampling was conducted for the first 0.5 min and 3-min of the 10-minute sampling periods.
2. Project Prairie Grass (1956, SO2), (Barad, 1958; Haugen, 1959)
Project Prairie Grass included 68 10-minute samples at 1.5 m along five arcs, 50 to 800 m, downwind from a point source release of sulfur dioxide 46 cm above ground. The 20-minute releases were conducted during July and August of 1956, with an equal number of cases occurring during the daytime and nighttime. The sampling was for the 10-minute period in the middle of the 20-minute release. Site roughness was 0.6 to 0.9 cm.
3. Green Glow (1959, uranine dye), (Fuquay, Simpson and Hinds, 1964), (Nickola, 1977)
Thirty minute releases of zinc sulfide were sampled along 6 arcs (200, 800, 1600, 3200, 12800, and 25600 m) downwind of a point source release typically 2.5 meters above ground. Sampling was performed starting before and ending after the tracer cloud passed through the sampling array, to provide total dosage amounts. Receptor height was 1.5 m. Site roughness was 3 cm.
4. Hanford-30 (1960-1961, zinc sulfide), (Fuquay, Simpson and Hinds, 1964; Nickola, 1977)
Twenty to 75 minute releases of zinc sulfide sampled along 5 arcs (200, 800, 1600, 3200, 12800 m) downwind from a point source release 2.5 m above ground. Receptor height was 1.5 m. Site roughness was 3 cm.
5. Dry Gulch (1961-1962, zinc sulfide), (Haugen and Fuquay, 1963)
Thirty minute releases of zinc sulfide sampled along 5 arcs (853, 1500, 2301, 4715, and 5665 m) downwind of a point source release 2 to 3 m above ground. Sampling was performed starting before and ending after the tracer cloud passed through the sampling array, to provide total dosage amounts. Receptor height was 1.5 m. The terrain was sloping mesa cut by deep ravines, vegetation mainly grasses with occasional brush and trees.
6. Ocean Breeze (1961-1962, zinc sulfide), (Haugen and Fuquay, 1963)
Thirty minute samples of zinc sulfide along 3 arcs (1200, 2400 and 4800 m) downwind of a point source release 2 to 3 m above ground. Sampling was performed starting before and ending after the tracer cloud passed through the sampling array, to provide total dosage amounts. Receptor height was 1.5 m. The terrain was rolling sand dunes covered with dense palmetto and brushwood.
7. Hanford-67 (1963-1973, zinc sulfide, fluoresein (uranine), and krypton-85), (Nickola, 1977)
Ten to thirty minute releases, with sampling along 8 arcs (from 200 to 12800 m), downwind of a point source releases, mostly at 2 meters with several at 1 meter. There were 8 releases of ZnS at 2m, 11 releases of FL at 2m, and 5 releases of Kyp-85 at 1m. Five towers were spaced along up to 5 arcs for some of these near-surface releases. Most of these near-surface releases involve dual tracers. Sampling was performed starting before and ending after the tracer cloud passed through the sampling array, to provide total dosage amounts. Receptor height was 1.5 m. Site roughness was 3 cm.
9. Hanford-83 (1983, sulfur-hexafluoride), (Doran and Horst, 1985) Thirty minute samples of zinc sulfide and SF6 jointly released from a 2 meter point source. There were six experiments with sampling at 1.5 m above ground along 5 arcs ranging from 100 to 3200 meters downwind. Site roughness was 3 cm. These experiments were conducted at the same site as the Green Glow, Handord-30, and Hanford-67 experiments, with the purpose of trying to better characterize the deposition properties of zinc sulfide.
Dispersion from an elevated release:
Simple Rural Terrain
1. Hanford-64 (1964, zinc sulfide, Nickola et al., 1983)
Fourteen thirty-minute releases of zinc sulfide along 8 arcs (from 200 to 12800 m; usually only four arcs are active on each release), downwind of a point source release at 56 meters for 11 experiments and 111m for 3 experiments. These experiments were conducted from May through September 1964. Receptor height was 1.5 m. Site roughness was 3 cm.
2. Hanford-67 (1963-1973, zinc sulfide, fluoresein, rhodamine B, and krypton-85), (Nickola, 1977)
Ten to thirty minute releases, with sampling along 8 arcs (from 200 to 12800 m), downwind of a point source releases. There were 33 releases of ZnS at 26m, 3 releases of FL at 26m, 45 releases of Kyp-85 at 26m, 20 releases of FL at 56m, and 9 releases of ZnS at 11m. Five towers were spaced along up to 5 arcs for some of these releases. Some these releases involve dual tracers. Sampling was performed starting before and ending after the tracer cloud passed through the sampling array, to provide total dosage amounts. Receptor height was 1.5 m. Site roughness was 3 cm.
3. Cabauw (1977-1978, sulfur-hexafluoride), (Nieuwstadt and van Duuren, 1979) A series of 15 experiments involving release of SF6 tracer from 80 or 200 m, with sampling at 1.5 meters above ground along a single arc that ranged from 3 to 5 km (depending on wind direction). Sampling was for two consecutive 30-minute periods. Site roughness varies from 10 to 20 cm, depending on wind direction.
4. Kincaid (1980-1981, sulfur-hexafluoride and sulfur-dioxide), (Bowne et al., 1983)
The sulfur hexafluoride, SF6, tracer experiments conducted at Kincaid involved a release from a 187 m stack with a buoyant plume rise on the order of 200 m. SF6 tracer releases were conducted on 50 days for a total of 372 hours, during April, May and August of 1980, and May and June of 1981, with measurements of near surface hourly concentrations and hourly meteorology. For the SF6 sampling, there were twelve roughly defined receptor arcs ranging from 0.5 km to 50 km from the release. There were 30 SO2 receptors for which hour-average concentrations are available.
5. Teruel (1985, sulfur-hexafluoride), (Sivertsen and Irwin, 1987 and 1996) Ten experiments were conducted in which SF6 was released from the 343 m stack of the 1,200 MW Teruel electric coal-fired power plant. Two consecutive 15-minute samples were collected 1.5 m above ground along three arcs (approximately 10, 24, and 48 km). The plant is located 600 m above sea-level on the southern side of the Ebro valley, midway between Madrid and Barcelona. Site roughness was estimated to be about 30 cm. A key factor in characterizing these experiments is to account for the decrease in the transport speed (and thus an increase in the transport time) as the plume flows towards the coast and into the strong sea breeze.
6. Bull Run (1982), sulfur-hexafluoride and sulfur-dioxide), (Bowne et al., 1983)
The sulfur hexafluoride, SF6, tracer experiments conducted at Bull Run involved a release from a 244 m stack with a buoyant plume rise on the order of 200 m. SF6 tracer releases were conducted on 50 days for a total of 372 hours, during July through October of 1982 with measurements of near surface hourly concentrations and hourly meteorology. For the SF6 sampling, there were twelve roughly defined receptor arcs ranging from 0.5 km to 50 km from the release. There were 30 SO2 receptors for which hour-average concentrations are available.
Complex urban site
1. Copenhagen (1978-1979, sulfur-hexafluoride), (Gryning and Lyck, 1984, 2002)
This series of ten tracer experiments were carried out in the Copenhagen area in 1978/79 under neutral and unstable atmospheric conditions. The SF6 tracer was released without buoyancy from a tower at a height of 115 meters and then collected 2-3 meters above ground-level at positions in up to three crosswind arcs of tracer sampling units, positioned 2-6 km from the point of release. Three consecutive 20 min averaged tracer concentrations were measured, allowing for a total sampling time of 1 hour. The site was mainly residential having a roughness length of 0.6 m. The meteorological measurements performed during the experiments included standard measurements along the tower of tracer release as well as the three-dimensional wind velocity fluctuations at the height of release.
2. Indianapolis, (1985, sulfur-hexafluoride), (Murray and Bowne, 1988)The SF6 tracer experiments conducted at Indianapolis involved a release from an 84 m stack with a buoyant plume rise. There were 170 experiments conducted during September and October of 1985, with measurements of near surface hourly concentrations and hourly meteorology. There were twelve roughly defined arcs ranging from 0.2 km to 12 km from the release.
References:
Barad, M..L. (Editor), (1958): Project Prairie Grass, a Field Program in Diffusion. Geophysical Research Papers, No. 59, Vols. I and II. Air Force Cambridge Research Center Report AFCRC-TR-58-235, 479 pages [NTIS PB 151 425 and PB 151 424].
Bowne, N.E., Londergan, R.J., Murray, D.R., and Borenstein, H.S., (1983) Overview, Results, and Conclusions for the EPRI Plume Model Validation and Development Project: Plains Site, EPRI EA-3074, Project 1616-1, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA. 234 pp
Cramer, H.E., Record, F.A., and Vaughan, H.C., (1958): The Study of the Diffusion of Bases or Aerosols in the Lower Atmosphere. ARCRL-TR-58-239, The MIT Press, 133 pages.
Doran, J.C., and Horst, T.W., (1985): An evaluation of Gaussian plume-depletion models with dual-tracer field measurements. Atmospheric Environment. Vol. 19:939-951.
Fuquay, J.J., Simpson, C.L., and Hinds, W.T., (1964): Prediction of environmental exposures from sources near the ground based on Hanford experimental data. Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol. 3:761-770.
Gryning, S.E., and Lyck, E., (1984): Atmospheric dispersion from elevated sources in an urban area: comparison between tracer experiments and model calculations. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology, Vol. 23:651-660.
Gryning, S.E., and Lyck, E., (2002): The Copenhagen Tracer Experiments: Reporting of Measurements. Risø-R-1054(rev.1)(EN), Riso National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark, 75 pages.
Haugen, D.A. (Editor), (1959): Project Prairie Grass, a Field Program in Diffusion. Geophysical Research Papers. No. 59, Vol. III. Air Force Cambridge Research Center Report AFCRC-TR-58-235, 673 pages. [NTIS PB 161 101].
Haugen, D.A., and Fuquay, J.J., (Editors), (1963): The Ocean Breeze and Dry Gulch Diffusion Programs, Vol. I. Air Force Cambridge Research laboratories and Hanford Atomic Products Operations, Report HW-78435, 240 pages.
Murray, D.R., and Bowne, N.E., (1988) Urban Power Plant Plume Studies, EPRI Report No. EA-5468, Research Project 2736-1, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA.
Nickola, P.W., (1977): The Hanford 67-series: a volume of atmospheric field diffusion measurements. Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories, 454 pages. [NTIS PNL-2433].
Nickola, P.W., Ramsdell, J.V., Glantz, C.S., and Kerns, R.E., (1983): Hanford Atmospheric Dispersion Data: 1960 Through June 1967. Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories, 683 pages. [NTIS PNL-4814].
Nieuwstadt, F.T.M., and van Duuren, H., (1979): Dispersion experiments with SF6 from the 213 m high meteorological mast at Cabauw in the Netherlands. In Proceedings of the 4th Symposium on Turbulence, Diffusion and Air Pollution, Reno, Nevada, 15-18 January, pages 34-40, American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA.
Sivertsen, B., and Irwin, J.S., (1987): Data Summary of 1985 SF6 Tracer Experiments at Andorra (Teruel) Power Plant. NILU OR 49/85, The Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway.
Sivertsen, B., and Irwin, J.S., (1996): Tracer gas experiment to verify the dispersion from a tall stack. Proceedings of Ninth Joint Conference on Applications of Air Pollution Meteorology with A&WMA, January 28-February 2, 1996, Atlanta, Georgia, American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA. pages 41-43.